Understanding the mechanisms of disease modifying effects of aerobic exercise in people with Alzheimer's disease.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a very disabling disease. Pathologically, it is characterized by the presence of amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles in the brain that results in neurodegeneration. Its clinical manifestations include progressive memory impairment, language decline and difficulty in carrying out activities of daily living (ADL). The disease is managed using interventions such as pharmacological interventions and aerobic exercise. Use of aerobic exercise has shown some promises in reducing the risk of developing AD, and improving cognitive function and the ability to carry out both basic and instrumental ADL. Although, the mechanisms through which aerobic exercise improves AD are poorly understood, improvement in vascular function, brain glucose metabolism and cardiorespiratory fitness, increase in antioxidant capacity and haemoglobin level, amelioration of immune-related and inflammatory responses, modulation of concentration of circulating Neurotrophins and peptides and decrease in concentration of tau protein and cortisol level among others seem to be the possible mechanisms. Therefore, understanding these mechanisms is important to help characterize the dose and the nature of the aerobic exercise to be given. In addition, they may also help in finding ways to optimize other interventions such as the pharmacological interventions. However, more quality studies are needed to verify the mechanisms.

Different Continuous Training Intensities Improve Echocardiographic Parameters, Quality of Life, and Functional Capacity in Heart Failure Patients with Reduced Ejection Fraction.

Background: Multiple comorbidities and physiological changes play a role in a range of heart failure conditions and influence the most effective approach to exercise-based rehabilitation. This research aimed to examine and compare the outcomes of continuous training at three different intensities, focusing on left ventricular (LV) remodeling, functional capacity, and quality of life among patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF). Methods: In this randomized control trial, a total of 60 male patients (average age: 54.33 ±2.35 years) with HFrEF were randomly allocated into three groups: 1) High-intensity continuous training group (HICT), 2) Moderate-intensity continuous training group (MICT), and 3) Low-intensity continuous training group (LICT). All the training was performed on a bicycle ergometer 3 times/week for 12 weeks. Echocardiographic parameters (left ventricular ejection fraction, left ventricular end-diastolic dimension, left ventricular end-systolic dimension, N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP), quality of life (Minnesota Living with Heart Failure Questionnaire), and functional capacity (6-minute walking test) were assessed before and the end of the study. Results: The HICT group demonstrated the greatest improvements in all measured variables when compared to the other two groups (P < 0.05). These findings were consistent across all measured outcomes. Conclusion: It was determined that HICT appears to yield the most favorable outcomes in enhancing echocardiographic measures, NT-proBNP levels, quality of life, and functional capacity among HFrEF patients.

Effects of aerobic exercises in prediabetes patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Aims: To evaluate the effects of different durations of continuous aerobic exercise on prediabetic patients. Materials and methods: The research encompassed randomized controlled trials that examined how various durations of aerobic exercise training affected outcomes related to Body Mass Index (BMI), Fasting blood glucose (FBG), 2-hour plasma glucose (2hPG), and glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) in individuals diagnosed with prediabetes. PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and the Cochrane Library were searched as of January 7, 2023. The Cochrane Risk of Bias, version 2 (ROB 2) tool was used to assess the risk of bias. Results: A total of 10 RCTs with 815 prediabetic patients were included. The average age of the participants was 56.1 years, with a standard deviation of 5.1 years. Among the participants, 39.2% were male. The interventions consisted of aerobic dance, treadmill running, walking, and a combination of aerobic exercises. The training sessions occurred three or four times per week. In prediabetic patients, aerobic exercise demonstrated a significant reduction in BMI compared to the control group, with a weighted mean difference (WMD) of -1.44 kg/m2 (95% confidence interval [CI] -1.89, -0.98). There was a decrease in FBG levels, with WMD of -0.51 mmol/L (95% CI -0.70, -0.32). Additionally, aerobic training led to significant improvements in 2hPG levels, with a WMD of -0.76 mmol/L (95% CI -1.14, -0.38). Furthermore, prediabetic patients showed a decrease in HbA1c levels after engaging in aerobic training compared to the control group, with a WMD of -0.34% (95% CI -0.45, -0.23). Conclusion: In summary, engaging in aerobic exercise can have a significant positive impact on glycemic levels in individuals with prediabetes. It can also lead to reductions in BMI, FBG, 2hPG, HbA1c, and other relevant indicators. The extent of these improvements may vary slightly depending on the duration of the aerobic exercise intervention. Systematic review registration: PROSPERO https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/, identifier CRD42023395515.

Aerobic exercises regulate the epididymal anion homeostasis of high-fat diet-induced obese rats through TRPA1-mediated Cl- and HCO3- secretion†.

Aerobic exercises could improve the sperm motility of obese individuals. However, the underlying mechanism has not been fully elucidated, especially the possible involvement of the epididymis in which sperm acquire their fertilizing capacity. This study aims to investigate the benefit effect of aerobic exercises on the epididymal luminal milieu of obese rats. Sprague-Dawley male rats were fed on a normal or high-fat diet (HFD) for 10 weeks and then subjected to aerobic exercises for 12 weeks. We verified that TRPA1 was located in the epididymal epithelium. Notably, aerobic exercises reversed the downregulated TRPA1 in the epididymis of HFD-induced obese rats, thus improving sperm fertilizing capacity and Cl- concentration in epididymal milieu. Ussing chamber experiments showed that cinnamaldehyd (CIN), agonist of TRPA1, stimulated an increase of the short-circuit current (ISC) in rat cauda epididymal epithelium, which was subsequently abolished by removing the ambient Cl- and HCO3-. In vivo data revealed that aerobic exercises increased the CIN-stimulated Cl- secretion rate of epididymal epithelium in obese rats. Pharmacological experiments revealed that blocking cystic fibrosis transmembrane regulator (CFTR) and Ca2+-activated Cl- channel (CaCC) suppressed the CIN-stimulated anion secretion. Moreover, CIN application in rat cauda epididymal epithelial cells elevated intracellular Ca2+ level, and thus activate CACC. Interfering with the PGHS2-PGE2-EP2/EP4-cAMP pathway suppressed CFTR-mediated anion secretion. This study demonstrates that TRPA1 activation can stimulate anion secretion via CFTR and CaCC, which potentially forming an appropriate microenvironment essential for sperm maturation, and aerobic exercises can reverse the downregulation of TRPA1 in the epididymal epithelium of obese rats.

A review analysis of exercise training regimes among females with polycystic ovary syndrome.

OBJECTIVE: The current systematic review was planned to provide quality assessment of different exercise regimes and their outcomes on the symptoms of polycystic ovary syndrome, and to see if one exercise regime was better than the rest. METHODS: Search was conducted on PubMed and Google Scholar databases for studies published between 2001 and 2021 whose full text was available. The search yielded 28 studies that were reviewed. RESULTS: The current evidence suggests that exercise regimes, such as high-intensity interval training, progressive resistance training, aerobic exercises, and yoga may improve polycystic ovary syndrome conditions. This is accomplished through treating associated risk factors, like body morphology, insulin resistance, hyperandrogenism, lipid profile, reproductive hormones, menstrual cycle, and quality of life. CONCLUSIONS: Exercise regimes improves several symptoms of polycystic ovary syndrome. However, selecting a specific exercise regime over others as the standardised treatment protocol remained inconclusive.

Comparison of the effectiveness of anti-gravity treadmill exercises and underwater walking exercises on cardiorespiratory fitness, functional capacity and balance in stroke patients.

INTRODUCTION: Aerobic exercise training after stroke has positive effects on quality of life, motor recovery, and aerobic endurance. The aim of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of anti-gravity treadmill gait training and underwater walking therapy on cardiorespiratory fitness, gait and balance in stroke survivors. METHODS: The study included 39 patients with a history of stroke who were admitted to our center between July 2017 and January 2018. The patients were randomly assigned to anti-gravity treadmill training, underwater walking therapy, or a control group. The aerobic capacity of the participants was evaluated with the 6-min walk test and cycle ergometer testing before and after the treatment. Balance was examined using the Berg Balance Scale (BBS). RESULTS: There was a statistically significant increase from pre- to post-treatment with regard to maximum heart rate and length of walking distance during 6-min walk test parameters in patients who underwent anti-gravity treadmill training (p < 0.05). The cycle ergometer training results showed significant improvements compared to baseline after treatment in patients who underwent anti-gravity training in terms of maximum heart rate attained during exercise stress testing, time to complete the test, rates of metabolic equivalents of task scores and peak oxygen consumption (p < 0.05). Improvements were also observed in ventricular repolarization indices including corrected QT intervals (QTc), Tp-e interval and Tp-e/QT, Tp-e/QTc ratio in the anti-gravity group (p < 0.05). BBS results showed no statistically significant difference in all groups (p > 0.05). CONCLUSION: The data of this study showed that anti-gravity treadmill training has favorable effects on cardiorespiratory fitness in stroke survivors.

Effect of aerobic training on physical fitness and cardiopulmonary resistance of university students / Efeito do treinamento aeróbico sobre a aptidão física e resistência cardiopulmonar dos estudantes universitários / Efecto del entrenamiento aeróbico sobre la aptitud física y la resistencia cardiopulmonar de estudiantes universitarios

ABSTRACT Introduction: The good performance of college students depends directly on their physical integrity, which is subordinated to good physical fitness and cardiopulmonary resistance. It is believed that aerobic training, an adaptation to the progressive increase of physical endurance, may benefit college students. Objective: Study whether aerobic training can affect college students' physical fitness and cardiopulmonary endurance. Methods: Through experimental comparison, the physical fitness and cardiopulmonary endurance of students in the aerobics elective class and the university athletics elective class were compared. Body indexes were measured before and after the intervention, statistically analyzed, and discussed according to the literature. Results: There were significant changes in the 50-meter run time for university students in the elective aerobics class from 9.24±1.71 to 7.81±2.02, the five-meter run from 11.56±1.03 to 7.87±0.23, the standing jump from 156.92±14.79 to 170.56±19.93, and the sitting flexion from 14.07±1.98 to 17.52±3.79. These changes accompanied the changes in cardiorespiratory endurance in the aerobics elective class. In contrast, the changes in student indicators in the track and field elective class were not as evident. Conclusion: Aerobic training positively impacted overall physical quality, including elevation of fitness indices and cardiopulmonary endurance in college students. Level of evidence II; Therapeutic studies - investigation of treatment outcomes.

RESUMO Introdução: O bom desempenho dos estudantes universitários depende diretamente de sua integridade física, que está subordinada a uma boa aptidão física e resistência cardiopulmonar. Acredita-se que o treinamento aeróbico, uma adaptação ao aumento progressivo da resistência física, possa trazer benefícios aos estudantes universitários. Objetivo: Estudar se a prática do treinamento aeróbico pode afetar a aptidão física e a resistência cardiopulmonar dos estudantes universitários. Métodos: Através de comparação experimental, a aptidão física e a resistência cardiopulmonar dos alunos da classe optativa de aeróbica e da classe optativa de atletismo universitário foram comparadas. Os índices corporais foram mensurados antes e após a intervenção, trabalhados estatisticamente e discutidos conforme a literatura. Resultados: Houveram alterações significativas no tempo de corrida 50 metros pelos estudantes universitários da classe eletiva de aeróbica, de 9,24±1,71 para 7,81±2,02, a de cinco metros foi de 11,56±1,03 para 7,87±0,23, o salto em pé foi de 156,92±14,79 para 170,56±19,93, e a flexão em posição sentada de 14,07±1,98 para 17,52±3,79. Essas alterações acompanharam as mudanças de resistência cardiorrespiratória na classe eletiva de aeróbica, enquanto as mudanças dos indicadores em alunos na classe eletiva de atletismo não foram tão evidentes. Conclusão: O treinamento em aeróbico mostrou um impacto positivo sobre a qualidade física geral, incluindo elevação dos índices de aptidão física e da resistência cardiopulmonar nos estudantes universitários. Nível de evidência II; Estudos terapêuticos - investigação dos resultados do tratamento.

RESUMEN Introducción: El buen rendimiento de los estudiantes universitarios depende directamente de su integridad física, que está subordinada a una buena forma física y resistencia cardiopulmonar. Se cree que el entrenamiento aeróbico, una adaptación al aumento progresivo de la resistencia física, puede aportar beneficios a los estudiantes universitarios. Objetivo: Estudiar si la práctica del entrenamiento aeróbico puede afectar a la forma física y a la resistencia cardiopulmonar de los estudiantes universitarios. Métodos: Mediante comparación experimental, se compararon la forma física y la resistencia cardiopulmonar de los estudiantes de la clase optativa de aeróbic y de la clase optativa de atletismo universitario. Se midieron los índices corporales antes y después de la intervención, se trabajaron estadísticamente y se discutieron según la bibliografía. Resultados: Hubo cambios significativos en el tiempo de carrera de 50 metros de los estudiantes universitarios de la clase electiva de aeróbic, de 9,24±1,71 a 7,81±2,02, la carrera de cinco metros fue de 11,56±1,03 a 7,87±0,23, el salto de pie fue de 156,92±14,79 a 170,56±19,93, y la flexión en posición sentada de 14,07±1,98 a 17,52±3,79. Estos cambios acompañaron a los cambios de la resistencia cardiorrespiratoria en la clase optativa de aeróbic, mientras que los cambios de los indicadores en los alumnos de la clase optativa de atletismo no fueron tan evidentes. Conclusión: El entrenamiento aeróbico mostró un impacto positivo en la calidad física general, incluyendo la elevación de los índices de condición física y resistencia cardiopulmonar en estudiantes universitarios. Nivel de evidencia II; Estudios terapéuticos - investigación de los resultados del tratamiento.

Effects of aerobic exercise and progressive muscle relaxation on migraine.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the effect of aerobic exercises and progressive muscle relaxation in migraine patients. METHODS: The quasi-experimental study was conducted at the Sheikh Khalifa Bin Zayed Al Nayhan Hospital / Combined Military Hospital, Muzaffarabad, Azad Jammu and Kashmir, from February to July 2017, and comprised migraine patients of either gender aged 20-50 years. They were divided into experimental and control group. Experimental group A received supervised exercises protocol, including aerobic exercise (stationary bicycle) 30min with 10min warm-up and 5min cool-down followed by progressive muscle relaxation for 15min 3 times a week for 6 weeks along with prophylactic medicine. The control group received prophylactic medicines flunarazine 5mg twice daily, inderal 10mg thrice daily and nortriptyline 25mg at night. Patients were assessed using Numeric Pain Rating Scale, Migraine Disability Assessment Scale, Headache Disability Index, Headache Impact test-6 and the Central Sensitisation Inventory at baseline, midline and at the completion of intervention. Data was analysed using SPSS 21. RESULTS: Of the 28 patients, there were 14(50%) in each of the two groups. Overall, there were 24(85.7%) females and 4(14.3%) males with a mean age of 29.7±10 years. There were significant improvements in all parameters in both the groups, but group A had significantly better outcome post-intervention (p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Prophylactic medicine, aerobic exercises and progressive muscle relaxation, when used together, were found to be effective means of intervention for migraine.

Physical exercise and the functions of microRNAs.

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) control RNA translation and are a class of small, tissue-specific, non-protein-coding RNAs that maintain cellular homeostasis through negative gene regulation. Maintenance of the physiological environment depends on the proper control of miRNA expression, as these molecules influence almost all genetic pathways, from the cell cycle checkpoint to cell proliferation and apoptosis, with a wide range of target genes. Dysregulation of the expression of miRNAs is correlated with several types of diseases, acting as regulators of cardiovascular functions, myogenesis, adipogenesis, osteogenesis, hepatic lipogenesis, and important brain functions. miRNAs can be modulated by environmental factors or external stimuli, such as physical exercise, and can eventually induce specific and adjusted changes in the transcriptional response. Physical exercise is used as a preventive and non-pharmacological treatment for many diseases. It is well established that physical exercise promotes various benefits in the human body such as muscle hypertrophy, mental health improvement, cellular apoptosis, weight loss, and inhibition of cell proliferation. This review highlights the current knowledge on the main miRNAs altered by exercise in the skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle, bone, adipose tissue, liver, brain, and body fluids. In addition, knowing the modifications induced by miRNAs and relating them to the results of prescribed physical exercise with different protocols and intensities can serve as markers of physical adaptation to training and responses to the effects of physical exercise for some types of chronic diseases. This narrative review consists of randomized exercise training experiments with humans and/or animals, combined with analyses of miRNA modulation.

Health care effect of sports on improving physical function / Efeito de atenção à saúde do esporte na melhoria da função física / Efecto de atención a la salud del deporte en la mejoría de la función física

ABSTRACT Introduction: One of the basic tasks of physical education in colleges and universities is to guide students to exercise and strengthen their physical fitness. Therefore, we need to study the physical function status of college students and the law of change in the learning process. Objective: To conduct physical training for college students and study the impact of exercise on physical function. Methods: Female college students are randomly divided into three groups with different training programs. The training cycle lasts 12 weeks. Results: There were statistical differences in the physical functions and qualities of the three groups of students after different training programs. Aerobic and strength training has obvious effects on improving students' skills. Conclusion: The combination of aerobic exercise and strength training enhances the physical function of female students. Level of evidence II; Therapeutic studies - investigation of treatment results.

RESUMO Introdução: Uma das tarefas básicas da educação física em escolas e universidades é orientar os alunos para que façam exercícios e fortaleçam sua aptidão física. Portanto, precisamos estudar o status da função física de estudantes universitários e a lei da mudança no processo de aprendizado. Objetivo: Conduzir treinamentos físicos para alunos universitários e estudar o impacto da atividade na função física. Métodos: Universitárias (sexo feminino) foram aleatoriamente separadas em três grupos, com diferentes programas de treinamento. O ciclo de treinamento durou 12 semanas. Resultados: Houve diferenças estatísticas na função e qualidade físicas dos três grupos de estudantes depois de programas de treinamento diferentes. Treinos aeróbicos e de força tem efeitos evidentes na melhoria da habilidade das estudantes. Conclusão: O exercício aeróbico combinado com treino de força melhora a função física de estudantes do sexo feminino. Nível de evidência II; Estudos terapêuticos - investigação de resultados de tratamento.

RESUMEN Introducción: Una de las tareas básicas de la educación física en escuelas y universidades es orientar a los alumnos para que hagan ejercicios y fortalezcan su aptitud física. Por lo tanto, necesitamos estudiar el status de la función física de estudiantes universitarios y la ley del cambio en el proceso de aprendizaje. Objetivo: Conducir entrenamientos físicos para alumnos universitarios y estudiar el impacto de la actividad en la función física. Métodos: Universitarias (sexo femenino) fueron aleatoriamente separadas en tres grupos, con diferentes programas de entrenamiento. El ciclo de entrenamiento duró 12 semanas. Resultados: Hubo diferencias estadísticas en la función y calidad físicas de los tres grupos de estudiantes después de programas de entrenamiento diferentes. Entrenamientos aeróbicos y de fuerza tienen efectos evidentes en la mejoría de la habilidad de las estudiantes. Conclusión: El ejercicio aeróbico combinado con entrenamiento de fuerza mejora la función física de estudiantes del sexo femenino. Nivel de evidencia II; Estudios terapéuticos - investigación de resultados de tratamiento.

Clinical effect of physical exercise on disease prevention in college students / Efeito clínico do exercício físico como prevenção de doenças em estudantes universitários / Efecto clínico del ejercicio físico como prevención de enfermedades en estudiantes universitarios

ABSTRACT Introduction: College students face increasing pressure in all aspects of study and life. They urgently need a way to relieve stress. Physical exercise is the best choice for college students to relieve stress. Objective: To explore the relationship between physical exercise and disease prevention in college students. Methods: The article conducts a logistic regression analysis of physical exercise in college students and analyzes the relationship between the physical exercise factors and the occurrence of physical diseases. Results: The incidence of disease in students participating in physical exercise is low. The prevalence of diabetes, obesity, and hyperlipidemia decreased with the increase of physical activity intensity. Conclusions: Diligently participation in physical exercises can help college students resist diseases. Level of evidence II; Therapeutic studies -investigation of treatment results.

RESUMO Introdução: Os estudantes universitários enfrentam pressão crescente em todos os aspectos do estudo e da vida. Eles precisam com urgência de um modo de aliviar o estresse. Nesse caso, o exercício físico é a melhor escolha para aliviar o estresse. Objetivo: Explorar a relação entre exercício físico e prevenção de doenças em estudantes universitários. Métodos: O artigo consiste de análise de regressão logística do exercício físico em universitários e investiga a relação entre o exercício físico e a ocorrência de doenças físicas. Resultados: A incidência da doença em alunos que praticam exercícios físicos é baixa. A prevalência de diabetes, obesidade e hiperlipidemia diminuiu com o aumento da intensidade da atividade física. Conclusões: A participação diligente em exercícios físicos pode ajudar os estudantes universitários a serem mais resistentes a doenças. Nível de Evidência II; Estudos terapêuticos - Investigação dos resultados do tratamento.

RESUMEN Introducción: Los estudiantes universitarios se enfrentan a una presión cada vez mayor en todos los aspectos del estudio y la vida. Necesitan urgentemente una forma de aliviar el estrés. En este caso, el ejercicio físico es la mejor opción para dicha tensión. Objetivo: Explorar la relación entre ejercicio físico y prevención de enfermedades en estudiantes universitarios. Métodos: El artículo consiste en un análisis de regresión logística del ejercicio físico en estudiantes universitarios e investiga la relación entre el ejercicio físico y la aparición de enfermedades físicas. Resultados: La incidencia de enfermedades en los estudiantes que practican ejercicio es baja. La prevalencia de enfermedades como diabetes, obesidad e hiperlipidemia disminuyó al aumentar la intensidad de la actividad física. Conclusiones: La práctica rutinaria de actividades físicas puede ayudar a los estudiantes universitarios a ser más resistentes a las enfermedades. Nivel de Evidencia II; Estudios terapéuticos - Investigación de los resultados del tratamiento.

Effect of Aerobic and Resistant Exercise Intervention on Inflammaging of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Middle-Aged and Older Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

OBJECTIVES: To examine the effect of aerobic and resistant exercise intervention on inflammaging in middle-aged and older adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) using inflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin (IL)-1 ß, IL-6, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and C-reactive protein (CRP) as biomarkers. DESIGN: Systematic review and meta-analysis. SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS: Middle-aged and older adults with T2DM in the community. METHODS: Articles were searched from 8 electronic databases. Randomized control trials (RCTs) published in English, from inception to October 31, 2021, were included in this review. Two authors conducted data extraction and quality appraisal independently following guidelines in the Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions. Meta-analysis was conducted using Review Manager. Heterogeneity was investigated using subgroup and sensitivity analysis. RESULTS: This review included 14 RCTs. The meta-analysis showed significant improvement in IL-6 [Z = 3.05; 95% confidence interval (CI): -3.60 to -0.79; P = .002], CRP (Z = 2.44; 95% CI: -0.55 to -0.06; P = .01) and TNF-α levels (Z = 2.96; 95% CI: -2.21 to -0.45; P = .003) post-exercise programs. Subgroup analysis revealed that combined aerobic and resistance exercises and long-term exercises have more significant improvement to the outcomes than usual care. Based on the Grades of Recommendation, Assessment, Development and Evaluation system, considerable risk of bias and low level of certainty were revealed in all biomarker outcomes. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS: Exercise intervention is effective in improving inflammatory, metabolic, and lipid markers in middle-aged and older adults with T2DM. By modifying the levels of these markers with exercise, inflammation and insulin resistance can be improved. Long-term, combined aerobic and resistance exercise interventions have more significant effect on biomarkers. The small sample size of this meta-analysis limited the generalizability of the results. Future studies can consider adopting a more optimized exercise regimen to achieve effective T2DM management in middle-aged and older adults. Similar studies should expand to other populations and larger sample sizes to explore replicability of these effects.

Impact of aerobic exercises on taste perception for sucrose in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus; A randomized controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: Regular exercise is a key element in the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Although the importance of regular exercises on glycemic control in people with diabetes is studied extensively, evidence is lacking on its impact on sweet taste perception. Thus, the aim of this study was to determine the impact of aerobic exercises on taste perception for sucrose in people with diabetes. METHODS: A sample of 225 people with diabetes aged 35-60 years was assigned randomly into 3 groups; aerobic exercise, combined exercise and a control group. The outcomes of the combined exercise group is not reported. The aerobic exercise group performed brisk walking 30min/day, 4-5days/week for 6 months. The primary outcome measures were supra-threshold intensity ratings and preference for sucrose assessed at baseline, at 3 and 6 months using 'general Labeled Magnitude Scale' and 'Monell 2-series-forced choice method' respectively. Glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) level was assessed at baseline and at 6 months to determine glycemic control. RESULTS: Aerobic exercise group showed significantly increased ratings (mm) for higher sucrose concentrations at 3 months (mean difference for 2.02M; +6.63±2.50, p=0.048 and for 0.64M; +7.26±2.76, p=0.026) and at 6 months (mean difference for 0.64M; +7.79±4.49, p= 0.044) compared to baseline and also when compared to controls (mean difference for 2.02M between baseline and 3 months; intervention: +6.63±2.50, control: -4.01±1.79, p=0.02 and between baseline and 6 months for 2.02M; intervention: +3.15±0.57, control: -7.96±0.40, p=0.022 and for 0.64M; intervention: +7.79±4.49, control: -8.98±0.99, p=0.003). A significantly reduced preference (mol/L) was seen both at 3 (mean difference; -0.03±0.02, p= 0.037) and at 6 months (mean difference; -0.05±0.12, p=0.011) compared to baseline within the intervention group. Also, a significant reduction was seen in the intervention group compared to controls at 6 months (mean difference; intervention: -0.05±0.12, control: 0.01±0.03, p=0.044). HbA1c was significantly reduced in the intervention group compared to controls at 6 months (mean difference; intervention -0.43±1.6%, control +0.33±1.8%, p=0.018). CONCLUSION: Regular aerobic exercises increase the sweet taste sensitivity, especially for higher concentrations of sucrose and decrease sweet taste preference in people with diabetes . These alterations in sweet taste perception, are likely to contribute to a better glycemic control in people with diabetes. TRIAL REGISTRATION: This trial was registered at the Sri Lanka Clinical Trial registry on 16/12/2015. (Trial registration number- SLCTR/2015/029 , https://slctr.lk/trials/slctr-2015-029).

Effects of the aerobic and Pilates exercises on mental health in inactive older women.

This study aimed to compare the effect of the Aerobic and Pilates exercises on mental health in inactive older women. Seventy-five inactive aged women were randomly divided into three groups (n = 25); aerobic (62.48 ± 2.87 years), Pilates (62.66 ± 1.68 years), and control group (63.80 ± 3.35 years). The Goldberg General Health Questionnaire assessed mental health. The exercise program was performed for 12 weeks. The results indicate that Pilates exercises are more valuable than aerobic training in depression (p ≤ .05). However, in other mental health components, the difference between the two exercise groups was not statistically significant. According to our results, physical activity, particularly Pilates and aerobic exercises, improves physical health and has a close correlation with the mental health of inactive older women. These results highlight the role of these physical exercise training in older women.

Eight-week high-intensity interval training is associated with improved sleep quality and cardiorespiratory fitness in patients with depressive disorders.

PURPOSE: This study aimed to examine the effect of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) on both sleep and cardiorespiratory fitness in patients with depression. METHODS: Using a single pre- and post-test study design with no control group, 82 patients diagnosed with depressive disorders underwent HIIT comprising a total of 24 15-min sessions, three times per week for 8 weeks. Depressive symptoms, sleep quality, and cardiorespiratory fitness were evaluated using the Beck depression inventory-II, the Pittsburgh sleep quality index (PSQI), and cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) in the form of maximum oxygen uptake (VO2 max), respectively. RESULTS: All 82 patients completed the intervention. HIIT training was associated with significant improvements in BDI-II score (diff = - 1.57 [95% CI - 2.40 to - 0.73], P = 0.001), PSQI score (diff = - 1.20 [95% CI - 2.10 to - 0.32], P = 0.008), and CPET VO2 max (diff = 0.95 [95% CI 0.62-1.28], P = 0.001). Effect size calculations revealed that the greatest improvement occurred in CPET VO2 max (Cohen's d = 0.64) and that improvements in the BDI-II and PSQI scores were somewhat smaller in magnitude (Cohen's d = - 0.41 and - 0.30, respectively). Sleep quality improvements were observed in sleep latency, habitual sleep efficiency, and the use of sleep-promoting medications (Cohen's d = 0.18, 0.19, and 0.25, respectively). Change in cardiorespiratory fitness successfully predicted change in sleep quality but not in depressive symptoms. Adverse effects were limited to minor injuries which did not interfere with completion of training. CONCLUSIONS: HIIT training delivered over 8 weeks was associated with improvements in depression symptoms, sleep quality, and cardiorespiratory fitness in patients with depressive disorders.

Effects of Aerobic Exercise and Mind-Body Exercise in Parkinson's Disease: A Mixed-Treatment Comparison Analysis.

Background/Objectives: Aerobic exercise and mind-body exercise, are vital for improving motor and non-motor functional performance of Parkinson's disease (PD). However, evidence-based recommendations on which type of exercise is most suitable for each individual are still lacking. Therefore, we conduct a network meta-analysis to assess the relative efficacy of aerobic and mind-body exercise on motor function and non-motor symptoms in Parkinson's disease and to determine which of these therapies are the most suitable. Design: A network meta-analysis and dose-response analysis. Setting and Participants: Medline, Embase (all via Ovid), and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials were comprehensively searched for related trials through April 2021. Measurements: Study quality was evaluated using the Cochrane Risk of Bias Tool. The effect sizes of continuous outcomes were calculated using mean differences (MDs) or standardized mean differences (SMDs). A network meta-analysis with a frequentist approach was conducted to estimate the efficacy and probability rankings of the therapies. The dose-response relationship was determined based on metaregression and SUCRA. Results: Fifty-two trials with 1971 patients evaluating six different therapies were identified. For the UPDRS-motor score and TUG score, yoga all ranked highest (SUCRA = 92.8%, 92.6%, respectively). The SUCRA indicated that walking may best improve the BBS score (SUCRA = 90.2%). Depression, cognitive and activities of daily living scores were significantly improved by yoga (SUCRA: 86.3, 95.1, and 79.5%, respectively). In the dose-response analysis, 60-min sessions, two times a week might be the most suitable dose of yoga for reducing the UPDRS-motor score of PD patients. Conclusion: Yoga and walking are important options for increasing functional mobility and balance function, and yoga might be particularly effective for decreasing depressive symptoms and cognitive impairment and improving activities of daily living in PD. The potential optimal dose of yoga for enhancing motor ability in PD patients is 60-min sessions, two times a week. Registration: PROSPERO CRD42021224823.

Acute Exercise and Cognitive Function in Alzheimer's Disease.

BACKGROUND: Many studies have shown the impact of acute aerobic exercises (AAE) on cognition in healthy adults or at a pre-dementia stage. Few studies, however, have explored the positive effects of AAE in moderate Alzheimer's disease (ADM) patients. OBJECTIVE: Evaluating the effect of AAE on cognitive functions in ADM patients. METHODS: Overall, 79 (age: 69.62±0.99) ADM patients were recruited. Participants were divided into three groups according to the task: aerobic exercises done alone or combined with cognitive games presented on a screen, and a control group who performed a reading task. The aerobic exercise protocol consisted of a 20-min cycling exercise of moderate intensity, corresponding to 60%of the individual target maximal heart rate recorded in a 6-minute walking test. The participants' cognition was monitored before and after the intervention using the Tower of Hanoi, Digit Span, and Stroop tasks. RESULTS: After the exercise, the participants' attention in both the physical and combined groups improved for the Stroop, the forward and backward Digit Span tasks, as well as the time taken to solve the Tower of Hanoi, although no significant differences were found in the number of moves taken in the latter. By contrast, the control group did not show any significant improvement for most of the cognitive tasks after the reading session. CONCLUSION: Current evidence suggests that AAE may help to improve cognitive functions in ADM patients. This improvement is enhanced when the exercise is combined with cognitive games. Safe and progressive types of exercises should be promoted among ADM patients.

Pelvic floor evaluation in CrossFit® athletes and urinary incontinence: a cross-sectional observational study.

Athletic urinary incontinence is characterized by urinary loss during sports practice. This condition occurs in the case of CrossFit®, a modality based on high intensity training and functional movements, it can also be considered as having a high impact on the pelvic floor. This study aimed to compare the force and the contraction capacity of the pelvic floor musculature and urinary incontinence between female CrossFit® practitioners (AG) and non-practitioners (CG). We performed a cross-sectional observational study in the period from December 2018 and May 2019. Complaints of urinary incontinence was assessed by the International Consultation on Incontinence Questionnaire - Short Form (ICIQ-SF); the functional evaluation of the pelvic floor was performed by digital palpation; resting tone, maximum voluntary contraction, fast contractions and sustained contraction of the pelvic floor muscles was tested by electromyography. The prevalence of urinary incontinence was significantly higher in AG compared with CG (p < .001). Nevertheless, we did not find significant differences between the two groups for functional assessment and electromyographic parameters. The AG presented a prevalence 60% of UI, while CG only 9,5 (p < 0,001). Considering this point, tailored prevention strategies seem mandatory in this population, in order to allow early identification and management of urinary incontinence.

Association of regular aerobic exercises and neuromuscular junction variants with incidence of frailty: an analysis of the Chinese Longitudinal Health and Longevity Survey.

BACKGROUND: Candidate genes of neuromuscular junction (NMJ) pathway increased risk of frailty, but the extent and whether can be offset by exercises was unclear. The aim of this study was to investigate the association between aerobic exercises and incident frailty regardless of NMJ pathway-related genetic risk. METHODS: A cohort study on participants from Chinese Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Survey was conducted from 2008 to 2011. A total of 7006 participants (mean age of 80.6 ± 10.3 years) without frailty at baseline were interviewed to record aerobic exercise status, and 4053 individuals among them submitted saliva samples. NMJ pathway-related genes were genotyped and weighted genetic risk scores were constructed. RESULTS: During a median follow-up of 3.1 years (19 634 person-years), there were 1345 cases (19.2%) of incident frailty. Persistent aerobic exercises were associated with a 26% lesser frailty risk [adjusted hazard ratio (HR) = 0.74, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.64-0.85]. This association was stronger in a subgroup of 1552 longevous participants (age between 90 and 111 years, adjusted HR = 0.72, 95% CI = 0.60-0.87). High genetic risk was associated with a 35% increased risk of frailty (adjusted HR = 1.35, 95% CI = 1.16-1.58). Of the participants with high genetic risk and no persistent aerobic exercises, there was a 59% increased risk of frailty (adjusted HR = 1.59, 95% CI = 1.20-2.09). HRs for the risk of frailty increased from the low genetic risk with persistent aerobic exercise to high genetic risk without persistent aerobic exercise (P trend <0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Both aerobic exercises and NMJ pathway-related genetic risk were significantly associated with frailty. Persistent aerobic exercises can partly offset NMJ pathway-related genetic risk to frailty in elderly people.

Comparison of the effectiveness of pilates exercises, aerobic exercises, and pilates with aerobic exercises in patients with rheumatoid arthritis.

BACKGROUND: Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a rheumatic disease characterized by erosive synovitis and polyarthritis. Exercise is known to improve many symptoms in RA patients. AIM: This study was designed to compare the effects of pilates exercises, aerobic exercises, and combined training including pilates with aerobic exercises on fatigue, depression, aerobic capacity, pain, sleep quality, and quality of life. METHODS: Thirty voluntary RA patients were included in this study. Patients were divided into three groups equally, and treatment was applied to each group for 8 weeks. Pilates exercises were practiced to the first group, aerobic exercises were practiced to the second group, and combined training was performed to the third group. Fatigue, depression, aerobic capacity, pain, sleep quality, and quality of life were evaluated using Fatigue Severity Scale (FSS), Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), 6-minute walk test (6MWT), McGill Pain Questionnaire- Short Form (MPQ-SF), Pittsburg Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), and Rheumatoid Arthritis Quality of Life (RAQoL), respectively. RESULTS: The results of the present study showed significant improvements for the first group on fatigue, depression, aerobic capacity, and quality of life (p < 0.05). Improvements in all parameters except for pain were obtained for the second and third groups (p < 0.05). In addition, there was no statistically significant difference among the treatment groups in assessments (p > 0.05). CONCLUSION: Pilates exercises may have similar effects to aerobic exercises in patients with RA. Addition of clinical pilates exercises to the routine treatment of RA may enhance the success of rehabilitation. Trial registration NCT03836820.